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APT

Configuration

Force IPv4

echo 'Acquire::ForceIPv4 "true";' | sudo tee /etc/apt/apt.conf.d/99force-ipv4

Limit download speed

To limit download speed to 250kBytes/s:

/etc/apt/apt.conf.d/75lowerspeed
Acquire
{
   Queue-mode "access";
   http
   {
      Dl-Limit "250";
   };
};

Use apt-cacher

/etc/apt/apt.conf.d/02proxy
Acquire::http { Proxy "http://192.168.0.231:3142"; };
Acquire::https::proxy "DIRECT";

or Replace all mirror hostnames with cachinghost/hostname in sources.list, so 

deb http://ftp.uni-kl.de/debian etch main

should now become: 

deb http://192.168.0.17:3142/ftp.uni-kl.de/debian etch main